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- <text id=93CT1763>
- <link 89TT3104>
- <link 89TT2818>
- <title>
- Liechtenstein--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Liechtenstein
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Because of its strategic location on a north-south and
- east-west crossroads in central Europe, Liechtenstein has been
- permanently inhabited since the Neolithic Age. Recorded
- inhabitants include the Celts, the Romans, and later the
- Alemanni. The area became a direct fief of the Holy Roman
- Empire in 1396.
- </p>
- <p> The Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein was established in
- 1719, when the princely House of Liechtenstein, in order to
- maintain a seat in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire,
- purchased the territory and gave its name to the principality.
- Liechtenstein was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine
- during the Napoleonic period and later became a member of the
- German confederation until its dissolution in 1866. The
- Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was the last time Liechtenstein
- fielded an army--80 men.
- </p>
- <p> Although it has been politically independent since 1815,
- Liechtenstein joined a customs union with the Austro-Hungarian
- Empire in 1852. It abrogated this treaty with Austria in 1919.
- The principality remained neutral in both World Wars. The most
- important date in recent Liechtenstein history is 1923, when the
- Swiss-Liechtenstein Customs Treaty was signed, establishing a
- relationship that has been updated and improved by subsequent
- agreements.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Based on the constitution of October 1921, the Principality
- of Liechtenstein is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The
- prince is head of the House of Liechtenstein and thereby chief
- of state; all legislation must have his concurrence. He also is
- empowered to dissolve the Diet (parliament). Traditional
- popular loyalty to the monarchy has assured the stability of
- the constitutional system.
- </p>
- <p> The highest executive authority of the principality is a
- five-member Collegial Board (cabinet). Its chairman is the head
- of government (prime minister), appointed to this position by
- the prince after being proposed by the Diet from among the
- members of the majority party. The deputy head of government,
- traditionally a member of the minority political party, also is
- appointed by the prince after being proposed by the Diet.
- </p>
- <p> The three other members of the Collegial Board, called
- government councilors, are proposed by the Diet and appointed by
- the prince.
- </p>
- <p> The Diet is a unicameral body composed of 15 members, elected
- by direct suffrage for 4-year terms. Voters in 1987 approved a
- referendum to raise the size of the Diet to 25 members,
- effective in 1990. Women are allowed to vote on national
- questions and, in some areas, on local candidates and issues.
- </p>
- <p> Liechtenstein has an independent judiciary, with three levels
- of regular courts, an administrative court, and the State Court
- of Justice. For administrative purposes, the principality is
- divided into 2 districts and 11 communities.
- </p>
- <p> Liechtenstein has two principal political parties, the
- Patriotic Union (Vaterlaendische Union--VU) and the
- Progressive Citizens' Party (Fortschrittliche Burgerpartei--FBP). Philosophically, they are much alike, and both favor
- maintenance of the monarchical state.
- </p>
- <p> From 1928 until 1970, the Citizens' Party formed the
- parliamentary majority; in the 1970 general election, it was
- superseded as the majority party by the Patriotic Union, but it
- regained the majority of votes in the 1974 election to the Diet.
- As a result of the 1978 election, the Patriotic Union resumed
- power, gaining 8 of 15 seats in parliament. Since 1938, both
- parties have formed a coalition government.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- January 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-